what do you consider to be key characteristic of the early roman republic? why?
6a. The Roman Republic
The Romans established a course of authorities — a republic — that was copied by countries for centuries In fact, the government of the United states of america is based partly on Rome's model.
The ladder to political ability in the Roman Senate was different for the wealthy patricians than for the lower-grade plebeians.
Information technology all began when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan conquerors in 509 B.C.Eastward. Centered northward of Rome, the Etruscans had ruled over the Romans for hundreds of years.
Once costless, the Romans established a commonwealth, a authorities in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf. A commonwealth is quite dissimilar from a republic, in which every denizen is expected to play an active role in governing the land.
Denizen
The Roman concept of the citizen evolved during the Roman Republic and changed significantly during the subsequently Roman Empire. Afterward the Romans freed themselves from the Etruscans, they established a republic, and all males over 15 who were descended from the original tribes of Rome became citizens. Citizens of Rome distinguished themselves from slaves and other noncitizens by wearing a toga; well-nigh wore a white toga. During the Empire, each emperor wore a purple toga to distinguish himself as the princeps, or "first citizen."
Citizenship varied profoundly. The full citizen could vote, ally freeborn persons, and practice commerce. Some citizens were non allowed to vote or hold public part, but maintained the other rights. A third type of denizen could vote and practive commerce, but could not hold role or marry freeborn women.
In the late Republic, male slaves who were granted their freedom could become full citizens. Around 90 B.C.E., non-Roman allies of the Republic gained the rights of citizenship, and by 212 C.E, under the Edict of Caracalla, all complimentary people of the Roman Empire could become citizens.
Frescoes line the walls of long-forgotten Etruscan tombs. This painting, constitute in the Tomb of Augurs in Tarquinia, is titled Hell's Door.
The aristocracy (wealthy class) dominated the early Roman Republic. In Roman society, the aristocrats were known every bit patricians. The highest positions in the government were held past two consuls, or leaders, who ruled the Roman Democracy. A senate composed of patricians elected these consuls. At this fourth dimension, lower-form citizens, or plebeians, had most no say in the regime. Both men and women were citizens in the Roman Republic, but just men could vote.
Tradition dictated that patricians and plebeians should be strictly separated; marriage between the ii classes was even prohibited. Over time, the plebeians elected their own representatives, called tribunes, who gained the ability to veto measures passed past the senate.
Gradually, the plebeians obtained even more than power and somewhen could concord the position of consul. Despite these changes, though, the patricians were still able to use their wealth to purchase control and influence over elected leaders.
Hannibal marched his elephants southward into the Italian peninsula during the 2nd Punic War.
The Roman Senate
The history of the Roman Senate goes as far dorsum as the history of Rome itself. It was showtime created as a 100-member informational group for the Roman kings. Later kings expanded the group to 300 members. When the kings were expelled from Rome and the Republic was formed, the Senate became the nigh powerful governing body. Instead of advising the head of land, it elected the chief executives, chosen consuls.
Senators were, for centuries, strictly from the patrician class. They skilful the skills of rhetoric and oratory to persuade other members of the ruling body. The Senate convened and passed laws in the curia, a large building on the grounds of the Roman Forum. Much later, Julius Caesar built a larger curia for an expanded Senate.
By the tertiary century B.C.Due east., Rome had conquered vast territories, and the powerful senators sent armies, negotiated terms of treaties, and had total command over the financial matters of the Republic.
Senatorial control was eventually challenged past Dictator Sulla effectually 82 B.C.E. Sulla had hundreds of senators murdered, increased the Senate's membership to 600, and installed many nonpatricians equally senators. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900 (it was reduced after his assassination). Afterwards the cosmos of the Roman Empire in 27 B.C.Eastward., the Senate became weakened under strong emperors who often forcefully coerced this ruling body. Although it survived until the fall of Rome, the Roman Senate had become merely a formalism body of wealthy, intelligent men with no power to rule.
Occasionally, an emergency state of affairs (such as a war) arose that required the decisive leadership of ane private. Under these circumstances, the Senate and the consuls could appoint a temporary dictator to dominion for a limited time until the crunch was resolved. The position of dictator was very undemocratic in nature. Indeed, a dictator had all the ability, made decisions without any approval, and had full control over the military.
The best instance of an platonic dictator was a Roman denizen named Cincinnatus. During a severe armed services emergency, the Roman Senate called Cincinnatus from his subcontract to serve as dictator and to lead the Roman army. When Cincinnatus stepped down from the dictatorship and returned to his farm merely fifteen days after he successfully defeated Rome'due south enemies, the republican leaders resumed control over Rome.
The Twelve Tables
One of the innovations of the Roman Republic was the notion of equality nether the law. In 449 B.C.E., regime leaders carved some of Rome's most important laws into 12 great tablets. The Twelve Tables, equally they came to be known, were the start Roman laws put in writing. Although the laws were rather harsh past today'south standards, they did guarantee every denizen equal handling nether the police force.
Laws from the Twelve Tables
With respect to the law and citizenship, the Romans took a unique approach to the lands that they conquered. Rather than dominion those people as conquered subjects, the Romans invited them to become citizens. These people and then became a part of Rome, rather than enemies fighting confronting information technology. Naturally, these new citizens received the aforementioned legal rights as everyone else.
The Punic Wars
The early Roman Republic often establish itself in a country of constant warfare with its surrounding neighbors. In i example, when the Romans were fighting the Carthaginians, Rome was nearly conquered. The people of Carthage (a city in what is today Tunisia in due north Africa) were a successful trading civilization whose interests began to conflict with those of the Romans.
The 2 sides fought three encarmine wars, known as the Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.Due east.), over the command of trade in the western Mediterranean Sea. In the 2d state of war, Hannibal, a Carthaginian general, successfully invaded Italia by leading an regular army — complete with elephants — across the Alps. He handed the Roman army a burdensome defeat merely was unable to sack the urban center of Rome itself. Later occupying and ravaging Italy for more than a decade, Hannibal was finally defeated by the Roman general Scipio at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.Eastward.
Why "Punic"?
How did the word "Punic" become an describing word pregnant "relating to the people of Carthage"?"Punic" is derived from the Latin word Poenicus, meaning "an inhabitant of Carthage." Carthage was founded by Phoenicians, and Poenicus is the Latin word for "Phoenician."
By the Third Punic State of war, Rome was gear up to cease the Carthaginian threat for good. After a successful several-year siege of Carthage, the Romans burned the urban center to the footing. Legend has information technology that the Romans and so poured salt into the soil so that nix would ever grow in that location over again. Carthage was finally defeated, and the Roman Republic was safe.
Source: https://www.ushistory.org/civ/6a.asp
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