Elderly Changing Nature of Family Relationships Due to Moving From the Family Home.

The Decline of the Traditional Family

Ane parent households, cohabitation, aforementioned sex families, and voluntary childless couples are increasingly common.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the prevalence of single parents, cohabitation, same-sex couples, and unmarried individuals

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• Ane recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the ascension in prevalence of single-parent families.
• Cohabitation is an intimate relationship that includes a common living place and which exists without the do good of legal, cultural, or religious sanction.
• While homosexuality has existed for thousands of years among human beings, formal marriages between homosexual partners is a relatively recent phenomenon.
• Voluntary childlessness in women is divers equally women of childbearing historic period who are fertile and do non intend to have children.

Fundamental Terms

• cohabitation: An emotionally and physically intimate relationship that includes a mutual living place and which exists without legal or religious sanction.
• Voluntary Childlessness: Women of childbearing age who are fertile and practise not intend to have children, women who accept chosen sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose non to have children.

Family structures of some kind are found in every club. Pairing off into formal or breezy marital relationships originated in hunter-gatherer groups to forge networks of cooperation beyond the firsthand family. Intermarriage between groups, tribes, or clans was frequently political or strategic and resulted in reciprocal obligations between the two groups represented past the marital partners. All the same, marital dissolution was not a serious problem as the obligations resting on marital longevity were not peculiarly high.

Ane Parent Households

One recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of single-parent families. While somewhat more common prior to the twentieth century due to the more frequent deaths of spouses, in the tardily nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the nuclear family became the societal norm in nearly Western nations. But what was the prevailing norm for much of the twentieth century is no longer the bodily norm, nor is information technology perceived as such.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the change in the economic structure of the U.s. –-the inability to support a nuclear family on a single wage–-had significant ramifications on family life. Women and men began delaying the age of offset marriage in order to invest in their earning power before union by spending more fourth dimension in school. The increased levels of educational activity among women, with women now earn more than l% of bachelor's degrees, positioned women to survive economically without the back up of a husband. By 1997, 40% of births to single American women were intentional and, despite a still prominent gender gap in pay, women were able to survive every bit single mothers.

Cohabitation

Cohabitation is an intimate human relationship that includes a mutual living place and which exists without the benefit of legal, cultural, or religious sanction. It can be seen every bit an culling grade of spousal relationship, in that, in practice, it is similar to marriage, only it does not receive the same formal recognition by religions, governments, or cultures. The cohabiting population, although inclusive of all ages, is mainly made up of those between the ages of 25 and 34. In 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 4.85 meg cohabiting couples, up more than i,000% from 1960, when there were 439,000 such couples. More than than one-half of couples in the United states of america lived together, at least briefly, before walking down the aisle.

Aforementioned- Sex Unions

While homosexuality has existed for thousands of years amongst human beings, formal marriages between homosexual partners is a relatively recent phenomenon. As of 2009, only two states in the United States recognized marriages between aforementioned-sexual practice partners, Massachusetts and Iowa, where aforementioned-sexual activity marriage was formally allowed as of May 17, 2004 and April 2009, respectively. Three boosted states allow aforementioned-sex ceremonious unions, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Vermont. Betwixt May 2004 and Dec 2006, seven,341 same-sex couples married in Massachusetts. Bold the percentage of homosexuals in Massachusetts is like to that of the rest of the nation, the in a higher place number indicates that 16.7% of homosexuals in Massachusetts married during that time. Massachusetts is also the state with the everyman divorce charge per unit.

Aforementioned sex couples, while becoming increasingly more common, still simply business relationship for about 1 percent of American households, according to 2010 Demography information. About 0.five percent of American households were same-sex couples in 2000, and so this number has doubled, and it is expected to continuing increasing past the adjacent Census information.

Childfree Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined every bit women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to accept children, women who have chosen sterilization, or women by childbearing historic period who were fertile but chose not to have children. Individuals can also be "temporarily childless" or practice not currently accept children only want children in the future. The availability of reliable contraception along with support provided in old historic period by systems other than traditional familial ones has made childlessness an option for some people in adult countries. In most societies and for about of human history, choosing to be childfree was both hard and undesirable. To accomplish the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.

Household types in the United States in 2006: This figure shows that roughly 5% of households in the Usa are made up of cohabiting couples of diverse types: heterosexual, gay, or, lesbian.

Modify in Marriage Rate

Over the past 3 decades, marriage rates in the United States have increased for all racial and indigenous groups.

Learning Objectives

Recognize changes in matrimony patterns

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• Union is a social union or legal contract betwixt people, called spouses, that creates kinship.
• Wedlock laws accept changed over the grade of United States history, including the removal of bans on interracial marriage.
• Of all racial categories considered by the U.S. Census, African-Americans accept married the least.
• Of all racial categories considered by the U.S. Demography, Hispanics have married the well-nigh.
• The average family unit income for married households is higher than the average family income of single households. However, marriage rates take increased for poverty -stricken populations as well.

Key Terms

• wedding: Marriage ceremony; a ritual officially celebrating the beginning of a union.
• Marriage Laws: The legal requirements that determine the validity of a marriage.

Marriage is a social wedlock or legal contract between people, called spouses, that creates kinship. The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but is normally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged. Such a spousal relationship is often formalized through a nuptials ceremony.

Wedlock Rates in the Usa

Matrimony laws have changed over the class of U.s.a. history, including the removal of bans on interracial matrimony. In the twenty-first century, laws take been passed enabling aforementioned-sex marriages in several states. Co-ordinate to the United States Census Bureau, ii,077,000 marriages occurred in the United states in 2009. The median age for the first marriage of an American has increased in contempo years; the median age in the early 1970s was 21 for women and 23 for men, and rose to 26 for women and 28 for men by 2009. Equally of 2006, 55.7% of Americans historic period 18 and over were married. According to the 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, males over the historic period of xv have married at a rate of 51.five%. Females over the age of xv have married at a charge per unit of 47.7%. The separation rate is i.8% for males and 0.i% for females.

Marriage Trends

African Americans accept married the least of all of the major indigenous groups in the U.S., with a 29.9% wedlock rate, but take the highest separation charge per unit which is four.v%. This results in a high percentage of single female parent households among African Americans compared with other indigenous groups (White, African American, Native Americans, Asian, Hispanic). This tin can atomic number 82 a kid to become closer to his/her mother, the only caregiver. Still 1 parent households are likewise more than susceptible to economic difficulties. Native Americans accept the second lowest wedlock rate at 37.nine%. Hispanics take a 45.1% marriage rate, with a 3.five% separation rate.

In the U.s.a., the two ethnic groups with the highest marriage rates included Asians with 58.v%, and Whites with 52.nine%. Asians have the lowest rate of divorce among the main groups with 1.viii%. Whites, African Americans, and Native Americans have the highest rates of being widowed, ranging from 5%-6.v%. They also have the highest rates of divorce amid the 3, ranging from xi%-13%, with Native Americans having the highest divorce rate.

Marital Status in the United States Chart: This image depicts marital status in the U.S.

According to the 2010 U.S. Demography Bureau, the boilerplate family income is higher than previous years, at $62,770. However, the percent of family households below the poverty line in 2011 was fifteen.1%, higher than in 2000 when it was 11.three%.

Unmarried Mothers

With the rising of single-parent households, unmarried mothers accept become more mutual in the U.s.a..

Learning Objectives

Discuss the factors involved in the increasing number of unmarried-parent households

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• I recent tendency illustrating the irresolute nature of families is the rise in prevalence of single-parent household.
• The expectation of single mothers equally principal caregiver is a function of traditional parenting trends between mothers and fathers.
• In the United States, 27% of single mothers alive beneath the poverty line, as they lack the financial resources to support their children when the nascency begetter is unresponsive.

Key Terms

• nuclear family: a family unit consisting of at near a father, female parent and dependent children.
• Main Caregiver: The person who takes primary responsibility for someone who cannot intendance fully for themselves.

One contempo tendency illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of the unmarried-parent household. While somewhat more mutual prior to the 20^th century due to the more frequent deaths of spouses, the nuclear family became the societal norm in virtually Western nations. Simply what was the prevailing norm for much of the 20^thursday century is no longer the bodily norm, nor is information technology perceived as such.

Since the 1960s, there has been a marked increment in the number of children living with a single parent. The 1960 United states of america Census reported that 9% of children were dependent on a single parent; this number that has increased to 28% by the 2000 Usa Census. The spike was acquired past an increase in single pregnancies, which 36% of all births by unmarried women, and to the increasing prevalence of divorces among couple.

The prevalence of unmarried mothers as main caregiver is a part of traditional parenting trends betwixt mothers and fathers. In the Usa, 27% of single mothers live below the poverty line, equally they lack the financial resources to support their children when the birth begetter is unresponsive. Although the public is sympathetic with low-wage single mothers, government benefits are adequately depression. Many seek aid by living with some other adult, such equally a relative, fictive kin, or meaning other. Divorced mothers who re-marry have fewer fiscal struggles than unmarried single mothers, who cannot work for longer periods of fourth dimension without shirking their child-caring responsibilities. Single mothers are thus more likely to cohabit with another adult. In the United States, the rate of unintended pregnancy is higher among unmarried couples than amid married ones. In 1990, 73% of births to single women were unintended at the time of conception, compared to about 44% of births overall.

Unmarried Motherhood: Marisa Beagle, sophomore history major, and her daughter, Noelle, sit down in the parking lot of the Salem Campus, where she attends school 45 minutes abroad from her domicile in East Palestine, well-nigh the Pennsylvania border. Marisa and Noelle, xviii months, alive with Marisa's parents. A single parent, Beagle says it'south tough to attend school and enhance a daughter simultaneously, but with the support of her family unit, she'due south able to make information technology work.

The "Sandwich Generation" and Elder Care

Elderly care is the fulfillment of the special needs and requirements that are unique to senior citizens.

Learning Objectives

Describe the challenges of elderly care in the U.S.

Fundamental Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• The Sandwich generation is a generation of people who treat their aging parents while supporting their own children.
• Elderly intendance encompasses such services as assisted living, adult day care, long-term care, nursing homes, hospice care, and in-habitation care, equally well equally less formalized caretaking, such as past an elder's grown kid.
• Given the choice, most elders would prefer to continue to live in their own homes rather than move to an elder abode or caretaking facility.
• Respite care allows caregivers the opportunity to become on holiday or a business trip and know that their elder has good quality temporary care. Without this help, the elder might have to motion permanently to an outside facility.

Key Terms

• sandwich generation: The generation of persons who are the children of infant boomers, whose lifestyle is governed by the fact that they must simultaneously care for the needs of their children and their own elderly parents.
• Respite Intendance: Temporary care that allows caregivers the opportunity to go on vacation or a business trip and know that their elder has proficient quality temporary care, for without this help the elder might have to motion permanently to an outside facility.

Elderly care is the fulfillment of the special needs and requirements that are unique to senior citizens. This wide term encompasses such services every bit assisted living, adult day care, long-term care, nursing homes, hospice care, and in-home care. Because of the wide variety of elderly care found globally, also as different cultural perspectives on elderly citizens, the subject field cannot be limited to whatsoever one practice. For instance, many countries in Asia use government-established elderly intendance quite infrequently, preferring the traditional methods of being cared for by younger generations of family members.

Elderly Care in the U.s.

The form of elderly care provided varies greatly among countries and is changing rapidly. According to the U.S Department of Health and Man Services, the older population—persons 65 years or older—numbered 39.6 million in 2009. They represented 12.9% of the U.Due south. population, or about 1 in every viii Americans. By 2030, there will be about 72.1 million older persons, more than twice their number in 2000. In the United states, most of the large multi-facility providers are publicly owned and managed as for-profit businesses. Given the choice, nearly elders would prefer to continue to live in their ain homes. Unfortunately, the majority of elderly people gradually lose performance ability and require either additional assist in the habitation or a move to an eldercare facility. The adult children of these elders often face up a difficult challenge in helping their parents make the right choices.

One relatively new service in the The states that can help keep the elderly in their homes longer is respite intendance. This type of care allows caregivers the opportunity to keep vacation or a business organization trip and know that their elderberry has skillful quality temporary care. Without this aid, the elderberry might have to move permanently to an exterior facility. Some other unique blazon of intendance cropping in U.South. hospitals is called acute care of elderberry units, or ACE units, which provide "a homelike setting" inside a medical eye specifically for the elderly.

The Sandwich Generation

The Sandwich generation is a generation of people who treat their aging parents while supporting their ain children. According to the Pew Research Center, just over one of every eight Americans aged 40 to 60 is both raising a child and caring for a parent, in add-on to between vii to 10 million adults caring for their aging parents from a long distance.

Elderly Care: Wishaw General Hospital

Childless Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing age who are fertile and exercise non intend to have children.

Learning Objectives

Talk over the factors involved in voluntary childlessness

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• To accomplish the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.
• The factors involved in voluntary childlessness include historic period, income, unmarried condition, and higher educational activity.
• Most societies place a high value on parenthood in adult life, and so that people who remain childless intentionally are sometimes stereotyped as being "individualistic" people who avoid social responsibleness and are less prepared to commit themselves to helping others.

Key Terms

• Childfree: Childfree (sometimes spelled child-free), also known as voluntary childlessness, is a class of childlessness. Voluntary childlessness in women is divers as women of childbearing historic period who are fertile and do not intend to have children, women who have chosen sterilization, or women by childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to have children.
• sterilization: A procedure to permanently prevent an organism from reproducing.

Childless Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing age who are fertile and exercise not intend to accept children, women who accept chosen sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile merely chose not to have children. Individuals can also be "temporarily childless" but want children in the future. The availability of reliable contraception forth with support provided in former historic period by systems other than traditional familial ones has made childlessness an option for some people in developed countries. In most societies and for nigh of man history, choosing to be childfree was both difficult and undesirable. To accomplish the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.

Factors Involved in Voluntary Childlessness

First, while younger women are more likely to exist childless, older women are more likely to state that they intend to remain childless in the hereafter. Thus age plays a significant role in the decision. Further, according to 2004 U.South. Census Agency data, the proportion of childless women 15 to 44 years one-time was 44.6%, up from 35% in 1976. The higher a adult female's income, the less probable she is to have children: Nearly half of women with annual incomes over $100,000 are childless. Third, beingness single is 1 of the strongest predictors of childlessness.

Enquiry as well suggests that married individuals who were concerned most the stability of their marriages were more than likely to remain childless. Most studies on this field of study notice that college income predicted childlessness. Nevertheless, some women study that the lack of financial resource was a reason why they decided to remain childless. Childless women in the developed world often express the view that women ultimately have to brand a selection between motherhood and having a career. Lastly, the chance of beingness childless was far greater for never married women (35 to 44 yrs one-time), 82.5% vs. ever-married (12.9%). Chance of childlessness (age 35 to 44) by education level: graduate or professional degree (27.half dozen%) vs non high school graduate (13.five%), loftier school graduate (14.three%), some higher simply no degree (24.7%), acquaintance degree (11.4%), and bachelor's caste (18.2%). The higher the level of teaching, the more likely a woman is to remain childless.

Social Attitudes to Remaining Childless

Well-nigh societies place a high value on parenthood in developed life, so that people who remain childless intentionally are sometimes stereotyped as beingness "individualistic" people who avoid social responsibility and are less prepared to commit themselves to helping others. With the advent of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to not have children are also sometimes recognized as helping reduce our impact, such every bit members of the voluntary human being extinction move. Some childless individuals are sometimes applauded on moral grounds, such every bit members of philosophical or religious groups, similar the shakers.

Voluntary Homo Extinction Move: With the appearance of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to non have children are also sometimes recognized as helping reduce our impact, such as members of the voluntary human extinction movement.

Some opponents of the childfree pick consider such a option to exist "selfish." The rationale of this position is the assertion that raising children is a very important activity. Proponents of child freedom posit that choosing non to have children is no more or less selfish than choosing to have children. In fact, choosing to accept children may be the more selfish choice, peculiarly when poor parenting risks creating many long-term problems for both the children themselves and society at large.

Organizations and Political Activism

Childfree individuals do non necessarily share a unified political or economic philosophy, and most prominent childfree organizations tend to be social in nature. Childfree social groups outset emerged in the 1970s, most notable amongst them The National Arrangement for Non-Parents and No Kidding! in North America. Numerous books have been written about childfree people and a range of social positions related to childfree interests have developed along with political and social activism in back up of these interests. The term "childfree" was used in a July 3, 1972 Fourth dimension commodity on the creation of the National System for Non-Parents. It was revived in the 1990s when Leslie Lafayette formed a later on childfree group, the Childfree Network.

Change in Household Size

Household models include the unmarried family and blended family dwelling house, shared housing, and group homes for people with special needs.

Learning Objectives

Describe different household models

Key Takeaways

Central Points

• A shared house is a household in which a grouping of normally unrelated people reside together.
• A grouping home is a private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities or special needs. This blazon of home usually has a maximum of six residents and a trained caregiver available 24 hours a day.
• A boarding house is a business firm in which lodgers rent 1 or more than rooms for one or more than nights, and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months and years.
• People who live together in a shared business firm are chosen roommates.
• A unmarried room occupancy is a single room dwelling or a multiple-tenant building that houses one or ii people in individual rooms.

Key Terms

• Single Room Occupancy: A multiple-tenant building that houses 1 or two people in private rooms (or to the single room dwelling itself).
• roommate: A person with whom ane shares an apartment or house (Britain: flatmate or housemate).
• Group Home: A individual residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities. Typically there are no more than than six residents and in that location is a trained caregiver there twenty-four hours a day.

Household models in Anglophone culture include the single family unit and varieties of blended families, shared housing, and group homes for people with support needs. Other models of living situations that may encounter definitions of a household include boarding houses, a house in multiple occupations in Uk, and a single room occupancy in the Usa.

Shared Houses

A shared house is a household in which a group of often-unrelated people reside together. The term by and large applies to people living together in rental properties rather than in properties in which any resident is an owner-occupier. A shared house is formed when a group of people motility into a rental property; typically, one or more than of these people has applied to rent the property through a existent estate agent, been accepted, and signed a charter. People who alive together in a shared house are called roommates. In both developed and developing countries, shared housing is an increasingly popular household model. This is due to a diversity of economic and social changes, such every bit the declining affordability of dwelling ownership, as well as delayed spousal relationship and decreasing spousal relationship rates.

Group Homes

A grouping home is a private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities. Group homes typically have a maximum of six residents and a trained, on-site caregiver available 24 hours a solar day. Residents of group homes commonly have either a chronic mental disorder or a physical disability that prevents them from living independently. They demand regular assist in society to complete daily tasks, such as taking medication or bathing. Other residents may be developmentally disabled, recovering from alcohol or drug habit, or driveling, troubled, or neglected youths. Some residents have behavioral issues that are potentially dangerous to themselves or others and require constant supervision. Since the 1970s, group homes have assumed the role of earlier institutions such as asylums, poorhouses, and orphanages.

Boarding Houses

In a boarding house, lodgers hire one or more rooms for a menses ranging from ane night to weeks, months, or fifty-fifty years. Common areas of the house are maintained and services similar laundry and cleaning may be provided. Boarding houses usually offering bed and board, or at to the lowest degree some meals likewise as accommodation. Formerly, boarders would typically share washing, breakfast, and dining facilities; in recent years, individual rooms have tended to have their own washing and toilet facilities.

Single Room Occupancy

A single room occupancy is a single room dwelling or multiple-tenant building that houses 1 or two people in individual rooms. As the value of urban country has increased, many of these properties have been renovated and fabricated available at higher prices. This has played a part in the displacement of lower-income people who once lived in these properties; information technology has also been cited equally a reason for the visible ascent in homelessness across America since the early on 1980s.

Boott Boardinghouse Store: Boott Mills Boardinghouse and Storehouse, now restored and part of Lowell National Celebrated Park. Lowell, Massachusetts

Women in the Labor Forcefulness

Women in the workforce take faced barriers, though they have greater access to educational activity and employment in the gimmicky era.

Learning Objectives

Discuss three factors that restrict women'south access to certain occupations

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• Women have participated in the workforce for as long as men have, yet women have been challenged past inequality in the workforce.
• Historically, women's lack of access to higher education finer excluded them from the do of well-paid and high status occupations.
• Admission to higher didactics remains a significant barrier to women'due south full participation in the workforce in developing countries.
• The gender pay gap is the difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings.
• The feminization of the workplace is a characterization given to the trend towards greater employment of women and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

Key Terms

• Wage Gap: The divergence between male person and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings.
• occupation: A regular activity performed in commutation for payment, including jobs and professions.
• Feminization of the Workplace: A label given to the trend towards greater employment of women and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

Women in the workforce earning wages or a bacon are part of a modern phenomenon, one that adult at the same time as the growth of paid employment for men; yet women have been challenged past inequality in the workforce. Until modernistic times, legal and cultural practices, combined with the inertia of longstanding religious and educational conventions, restricted women'southward entry and participation in the workforce. Economic dependency upon men has had the same bear upon, particularly as occupations have become professionalized over the 19^th and 20^thursday centuries.

Historically, women's lack of access to higher education had effectively excluded them from the practice of well-paid and loftier condition occupations. Entry of women into the higher professions like police and medicine was delayed in most countries due to women being denied entry to universities and qualification for degrees; for case, Cambridge Academy only fully validated degrees for women late in 1947, and even then only after much opposition and acrimonious debate.

Barriers to Equal Participation

Equally gender roles have followed the formation of agricultural then industrial societies, newly developed professions and fields of occupation take been oft inflected by gender. Some examples of the means in which gender affects a field include: prohibitions or restrictions on members of a item gender entering a field or studying a field; discrimination within a field, including wage, management, and prestige hierarchies; expectation that mothers, rather than fathers, should be the chief childcare providers.

Access to Instruction and Grooming

A number of occupations became "professionalized" through the 19^thursday and twenty^th centuries, gaining regulatory bodies, and passing laws or regulations requiring particular college educational requirements. As women's access to higher education was oft express, this effectively restricted women's participation in these professionalizing occupations. For instance, women were completely forbidden admission to Cambridge University until 1868, and were encumbered with a variety of restrictions until 1987, when the academy adopted an equal opportunity policy. Numerous other institutions in the United States and Western Europe began opening their doors to women over the aforementioned period of time, just access to higher instruction remains a significant barrier to women'southward full participation in the workforce in developing countries.

Admission to Capital

Women's access to occupations requiring capital outlays is also hindered by their unequal access to capital; this affects occupations such as entrepreneur and small business possessor, farm ownership, and investor. Numerous microloan programs attempt to redress this imbalance, targeting women for loans or grants to establish start-up businesses or farms, having adamant that help targeted to women can disproportionately benefit a nation'southward economy.

Discrimination within Occupations

The gender pay gap is the difference betwixt male and female earnings expressed as a percent of male earnings, according to the OECD. The European Commission defines it equally the average difference between men and women's hourly earnings. There is a debate to what extent this is the outcome of gender differences, implicit discrimination due to lifestyle choices (e.g., number of hours worked, need for maternity get out), or because of explicit discrimination. The 2008 edition of the Employment Outlook report past the System for Economical Co-operation and Development (OECD) found that, while female employment rates accept expanded considerably and the gender employment and wage gaps have narrowed virtually everywhere, women even so take 20% less chance to have a task than men, on average, and they are paid 17% less than their male counterparts.

Feminization of the Workplace

In response to the force per unit area from feminism and cultural trends highlighting characteristics in workers that have culturally been associated with women, feminization of the workplace is a label given to the trend towards greater employment of women, and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

OECD Gender Pay Gap: Gender Pay Gap in nineteen OECD countries co-ordinate to the 2008 OECD Employment Outlook report

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